Bioorganic Medicinal 2020

Pharmacokinetics is the quantitative analysis of drug movement in, through and out of the body. The intensity of the impact is related to the concentration of the drug at the site of activity. Pharmacokinetics also incorporates the study of the time course of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Pharmacodynamics is the study of the physiological and biological impact of drugs. The impact of a drug present at the site of accomplishment is determined by that drug’s binding to a receptor.

Pharmaceutical chemistry is the study of drug compounds that involves the drug development process. Pharmaceutical chemistry includes drug discovery, delivery, absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion, biomedical analysis, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. Pharmaceutical chemistry mainly involves cures and remedies for disease, analytical techniques, pharmacology, metabolism, quality control (QC), quality assurance (QA) and drug chemistry. Pharmaceutical chemists are involved in the development and assessment of therapeutic compounds (drugs). The impact of pharmaceutical chemistry in the development of drug compounds is very high and advanced methods are now available for the development of the drug by using pharmaceutical chemistry are Molecular modeling based drug design system, Advanced organic synthesis techniques, In-vitro safety studies, Analytical method development, Metabolic stability studies and Screening of drug candidates and lead molecules.

Organic chemistry is one among the interesting field that deals with the study of structure, properties and reactions of the compounds that contains the carbon atoms. Organic chemistry mainly focuses on the material that contains the pool of compounds such as hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus. Organic chemistry includes the mechanism of synthesis, kinetics and certain methods of purification such as chromatography and the structure determining techniques such as NMR and the X-ray crystallography. The rapidly emerging field bioorganic chemistry is the combination of organic chemistry and the biochemistry.

Nanochemistry is the branch of science that includes the combination of nanoscience and the chemistry. Nanochemistry not only focuses on the atomic structure of the compounds besides it transforms the materials into the solution to solve the problem. The applications of Nanochemistry include carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene and fullerenes which gains greater importance nowadays. Nano topography and nanolithography are some of the important terminologies in the field of nanochemistry.

Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. The field covers with other regions of biology and chemistry, especially genetics and biochemistry. Molecular biology mainly involves itself with understanding the interactions between the different systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis, the transcription factor as well as learning how these interactions are regulated.

Medicinal Chemistry is the intersection of chemistry, particularly synthetic organic chemistry, and pharmacology and various other biological specialities, where they are included with design, chemical synthesis and development for the market of pharmaceutical agents or bioactive molecules. Medicinal chemistry deals with the design, optimization and improvement of chemical compounds to utilize as drugs. It is a significant branch of chemistry because it directly relates to health care. It helps to develop even more effective drugs, minimize toxicity, and produce pharmaceutical in a cheap way.

Green chemistry can be defined as the principles that eliminate the use of a certain hazardous substance in the design, manufacture and the application of certain chemical products. Green chemistry acts as the bridge between the eco-friendly environment and the manufacturing of chemical products in a safe manner. The aim of green chemistry is to bring the zero hazardous waste at both the laboratory and the industrial scales. Design for energy efficiency, use of renewable feedstock and the analysis of pollution prevention are some of the basic principles of green chemistry.

Food chemistry is the study of chemical processes and interactions of all biological also non-biological elements of foods. It is comparative to biochemistry in its primary components such as carbohydrates, lipids, and protein, but it also incorporates areas such as water, vitamins, minerals, chemicals, nourishment added substances, flavours, and colours. Food chemistry plays a significant role in assuring that the food processed is of high quality and safe for consumption. Understanding food chemistry helps us develop appropriate ways of handling food and also create good manufacturing practices.

Agricultural Chemistry is the study of chemistry and biochemistry in their relation to agriculture, particularly agricultural production, the utilization of agricultural products, and natural matters. Agro Chemistry is the science of chemical compositions and changes included within the production, protection, and utilize crops also livestock. The purpose of agrochemistry is to control and understand the methods by which humans get food and fibre for themselves as well as animals; that incorporate all the life forms through which food and fibre are obtained for people also animals, and control of these methods to extend yields, enhance quality, and decrease expenses.

Drug discovery and development are the complete method of identifying a novel drug and bringing it to market. It includes a wide range of scientific disciplines combining biology, chemistry and pharmacology. The method of drug discovery includes a combination of numerous disciplines and interface beginning from a basic process of identifying an active compound. The discovery of a novel chemical entity that alters a cell or tissue function. Drug design includes the design of such molecules that are comparative to the biomolecular target site in shape and charge in order to bind to it. Drug development incorporates studies on microorganisms and creatures, clinical trials and eventually regulatory approval. The pharmaceutical formulation could be a portion of the drug development method. Drug delivery is the method of administering the drug or pharmaceutical product, in order to achieve the required therapeutic effect. Several drug delivery and drug targeted systems are developed, to reduce drug degradation, drug adverse effect, and to improve the drug bioavailability (sum of drug accessible at site targeted region).

Computational chemistry is a branch of chemistry that uses computer simulation to help in understanding and solving chemical issues. It uses strategies of theoretical chemistry (mathematical portrayal of chemistry), consolidated into effective computer programs, to determine the structures and properties of molecules and solids. There are two primary branches of computational chemistry: one is based on classical mechanics, and the other is based on quantum mechanics. Computational chemistry has become an important way to explore materials that are too challenging to discover or as well costly to buy. It further assists chemists to make expectations before running the real experiments so that they can be way better prepared for making observations.

Combinatorial chemistry is a technique by which large numbers of different but structurally similar molecules are produced are rapidly and submitted for pharmacological assay. This technique uses the same reaction with the same reaction vessels to produce a large range of analogues

Combinatorial chemistry has a very wide range of applications. Researchers utilize combinatorial chemistry to make large populations of molecules that can be screened effectively. It provides a stimulus for robot-controlled and immobilization strategies that allow high throughput and multiple parallel approaches to drug discovery.

Chemical biology is the study of the chemicals and chemical responses included in biological processes, combining the disciplines of bioorganic chemistry, biochemistry, cell biology and pharmacology. The discipline includes the application of chemical procedures, analysis, and frequently small molecules produced through synthetic chemistry, to the study and control of biological systems. In contrast to biochemistry, this includes the study of the chemistry of biomolecules and regulation of biochemical pathways within and between cells, chemical biology deals with chemistry applied to science

Bioorganic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that combines organic chemistry and biochemistry. It deals with the study of biological processes using chemical methods. It involves the design, synthesis and evaluation of substrates, probes, and materials for the study of biological systems and principles. Bioorganic chemistry endeavours to improve organic-chemical researches (that's, structures, synthesis, also kinetics) toward biology.

A drug target is a molecule within the body, normally a protein that is naturally associated with a specific disease process which may be addressed by a drug to deliver a desired therapeutic effect. Biological target identification and approval are the most vital steps in developing a novel drug. Drug target validation includes demonstrating that DNA, RNA, or a protein molecule is specifically included in a disease process and can be a suitable target for improvement of a novel therapeutic drug. The most common drug targets of currently marketed drugs are proteins and nucleic acids.

Biochemistry is the branch of science that studies the chemical processes within and associated with living organisms. It is a laboratory-based science which brings biology and chemistry together. Biochemistry has become the base for understanding all biological forms. It has given clarifications for the causes of numerous diseases in humans, animals and also in plants. Biochemistry seeks to unwind the complicated chemical responses that happen in a wide variety of life forms, it gives the basis for practical advances in the pharmaceutical, veterinary medication, agriculture and biotechnology. It holds and incorporates such interesting new areas as molecular genetics and bioengineering.

Analytical chemistry is a branch of chemistry that deals with the separation, identification also quantification of chemical compounds. Analytical chemistry includes classical, wet chemical methods and modern, instrumental methods. Chemical analyses can be qualitative, as within the identification of the chemical components in a test, or quantitative, as within the determination of the amount of a certain component within the sample. Analytical chemistry is additionally focused on enhancements in experimental design, chemometrics, and the creation of modern measurement apparatuses. Analytical chemistry has wide applications to forensics, pharmaceutical, science and engineering.